What is a Cardinal?
Definition and Role:
Within the grand tapestry of the Catholic Church, woven with traditions and doctrines spanning centuries, one group stands out for their unique and influential role: the cardinals. These esteemed figures are not merely religious leaders; they are the Pope’s closest advisors, the guardians of the Church’s legacy, and the electors of the next pontiff. But how many cardinals are there in the world, a question that often piques the curiosity of those seeking to understand the Church’s structure? This article delves into the makeup of the College of Cardinals, exploring their duties, the process of their selection, the current number of cardinals, and their significance within the Catholic Church. The cardinals form a vital part of the Church’s structure and the answer to how many cardinals exist is always in a state of flux.
The very word “cardinal” holds significance, deriving from the Latin word “cardo,” meaning “hinge.” This etymological origin hints at the vital role these individuals play in the Church. A cardinal is essentially a high-ranking clergyman of the Catholic Church, often a bishop, who has been elevated to this position by the Pope. Their responsibilities are multifaceted, extending far beyond the pastoral duties of a typical bishop.
Cardinals primarily serve as advisors to the Pope, offering counsel on matters of faith, doctrine, and governance. They form the body known as the College of Cardinals, which meets regularly to discuss important issues facing the Church. This advisory role is crucial, providing the Pope with diverse perspectives and expertise from around the world.
Beyond their advisory duties, cardinals are also responsible for leading key Vatican offices and dioceses around the globe. This allows them to exert influence on a global scale, shaping the Church’s presence and mission in their respective regions. They might head important congregations within the Roman Curia, manage significant archdioceses, or serve as the Pope’s special envoys to various nations.
When a Pope dies or resigns, the cardinals come together in a conclave, a secret gathering, to elect a new Pope. This is perhaps the most visible and impactful role of the cardinals. They serve as the gatekeepers to the papacy, ensuring the continuity of the Church’s leadership and guiding its future. This responsibility underscores the immense power and influence held by these church leaders.
The visual representation of a cardinal is iconic. The red hat, known as the “zucchetto,” symbolizes their willingness to shed blood for the faith. The red robes serve as a constant reminder of their commitment to the Church and its teachings. This distinctive attire makes them easily recognizable and serves as a visual representation of the weight of their office and the responsibility they bear.
How One Becomes a Cardinal:
The journey to becoming a cardinal is not straightforward. The process is exclusively under the authority of the Pope. While there is no formal application, the Pope typically selects individuals who have demonstrated exceptional leadership, theological knowledge, and dedication to the Church. He often chooses leaders who have already served in positions of influence, such as bishops or heads of significant congregations.
The Pope, in consultation with his advisors, identifies candidates who meet the necessary criteria. These individuals are often known for their strong faith, pastoral skills, and ability to lead. The selection process is a deeply personal one, reflecting the Pope’s judgment and his vision for the future of the Church.
The selection process usually culminates in a consistory, a formal gathering of the College of Cardinals. During this event, the Pope publicly announces the names of those he has chosen to become cardinals. The new cardinals receive their red hats and the symbolic ring, which represents their marriage to the Church. This is a solemn and joyful occasion, marking a significant moment in the lives of the newly appointed cardinals.
There’s an important consideration when determining who gets to vote in a papal conclave. Cardinals who have reached the age of eighty are generally ineligible to vote. This age limit, set by Pope Paul VI, ensures that the electors are more likely to be physically and mentally capable of the demanding task of choosing a new Pope. This limitation also ensures that the cardinals voting are likely to understand the current needs of the Church and are able to assess those needs properly.
Different Ranks of Cardinals:
The College of Cardinals isn’t a monolith; it includes a hierarchy of ranks. This structure recognizes the diverse backgrounds and roles within the Church. Cardinals hold different positions, which give them different responsibilities.
At the very top of this hierarchy are the Cardinal Bishops. These cardinals usually hold leadership positions in the Eastern Catholic Churches. They include the Patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches, who are the most senior ranking cardinals.
Next in line are the Cardinal Priests. These are usually bishops who are in charge of large dioceses or archdioceses around the world. The Cardinal Priests often lead important local churches and have a great deal of pastoral responsibilities.
Finally, the Cardinal Deacons often hold positions in the Roman Curia. The Curia is the administrative body of the Vatican, so Cardinal Deacons play an important role in running the day to day affairs of the Church.
The Number of Cardinals:
The Catholic Church, with its global reach, maintains a dynamic leadership structure. The number of cardinals is an important aspect of this structure. Let’s examine the official limits, fluctuations, and geographic distribution.
The Evolution of the Number:
Historically, the number of cardinals varied greatly. In earlier centuries, there were far fewer cardinals, often reflecting the limited geographic reach of the Church. However, with the Church’s expansion, the number of cardinals grew to reflect the broader representation of the Church. The number of cardinals grew especially through the late Middle Ages, where the college was used to centralize power.
The Current Limit:
To manage the size of the College of Cardinals, Pope Paul VI established a limit on the total number. Although subsequent popes may adjust, the general principle is a defined cap on those eligible to vote in a papal election. The limit helps the conclave remain manageable while still ensuring representation.
Fluctuations in the Cardinal College:
The number of cardinals fluctuates for various reasons. The deaths of cardinals are the most significant factor. New papal elections are a time of change, when new cardinals are created to give voice to the global church. A consistory, the formal gathering where the Pope announces the new cardinals, can expand the College of Cardinals.
These various elements lead to a dynamic system. It is always changing. Keeping track of the current numbers is crucial to understanding the balance of power.
Geographic Distribution:
Cardinals come from all corners of the globe. While the exact geographic distribution is constantly evolving, some trends are apparent. Certain regions, such as Europe and the Americas, tend to have more representation.
The distribution of cardinals reflects the Church’s global reach. It includes representatives from almost every continent, bringing diverse perspectives to the table. There is a continuous effort to make sure the composition of the college reflects the global composition of the Catholic Church. This guarantees representation from all over the world.
Significance of the Number:
The number of cardinals is not a mere statistic; it has significant implications for the Catholic Church.
Impact on Papal Elections:
The number and composition of the College of Cardinals directly affect papal elections. The number of electors helps determine who is eligible to participate. The geographic distribution helps to determine the voices that will be heard.
The composition of the College of Cardinals is one of the biggest determining factors when it comes to how a papal election will unfold. The opinions, backgrounds, and perspectives of the cardinals shape the electoral process. The outcome of the election depends greatly on the numbers and influences of the electors in the College.
Influence within the Church:
The cardinals collectively play a powerful role in the governance of the Catholic Church. As advisors to the Pope, they offer guidance and influence on key decisions. Their expertise in various areas ensures the Church’s activities are handled competently.
The cardinals’ collective impact extends beyond the immediate activities of the Vatican. Their work affects the global Church.
Historical Context:
The history of the College of Cardinals is intertwined with some of the most pivotal moments in the Church’s history. They influence the election of Popes who help to determine the history of the Church.
The College of Cardinals continues to evolve. The number of cardinals, their composition, and their actions will continue to shape the future of the Catholic Church.
Notable Cardinals (Past or Present):
Cardinal John Henry Newman:
A convert from Anglicanism, John Henry Newman became a leading figure in the Oxford Movement. His theological writings and intellectual leadership greatly influenced the Catholic Church. His elevation to cardinal was a recognition of his contribution to Catholic thought and spirituality.
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI):
Before his papacy, Cardinal Ratzinger served as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. He played a key role in upholding Church teachings and safeguarding Catholic doctrine. His contributions to theological discourse and his service to the Church have left a significant mark.
Cardinal Blase Cupich:
Cardinal Blase Cupich is an American cardinal who currently serves as the Archbishop of Chicago. He is known for his pastoral approach and his emphasis on social justice. His influence within the American Church is noteworthy.
Conclusion:
So, How Many Cardinals Are There?
The number of cardinals is fluid, but remains central to understanding the Catholic Church. These leaders not only advise the Pope but also shape the future of the Church. Their roles in the election of the Pope, their leadership, and their geographic diversity all help to shape the mission of the Church. The number of cardinals is only one dimension of this important group. The College of Cardinals continues to play a central role.
